Subordinating conjunctions are the unsung heroes of complex sentences, providing the crucial links that connect ideas and create nuanced meaning. Understanding how to use these conjunctions correctly is essential for clear and effective communication, both in writing and speaking.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to subordinating conjunctions, covering their definition, types, usage rules, common mistakes, and advanced applications. Whether you’re a student, a teacher, or simply someone looking to improve their English grammar, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and skills you need to master subordinating conjunctions and elevate your writing.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Definition of Subordinating Conjunctions
- Structural Breakdown of Subordinate Clauses
- Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
- Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences
- Usage Rules for Subordinating Conjunctions
- Common Mistakes with Subordinating Conjunctions
- Practice Exercises
- Advanced Topics: Ellipsis and Inversion
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Conclusion
Introduction
Subordinating conjunctions are the backbone of complex sentences, enabling us to express intricate relationships between ideas. Without them, our writing would be limited to short, choppy sentences, lacking the depth and sophistication necessary for effective communication.
Mastering subordinating conjunctions allows you to create more nuanced and compelling arguments, provide detailed explanations, and express a wider range of thoughts and emotions. This comprehensive guide is designed to provide you with a thorough understanding of subordinating conjunctions, from their basic definition to their advanced applications.
Whether you are an ESL learner, a student preparing for an exam, or a professional seeking to refine your writing skills, this article will provide you with the tools you need to confidently and effectively use subordinating conjunctions.
Definition of Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that connects a subordinate (or dependent) clause to a main (or independent) clause. Unlike coordinating conjunctions (such as and, but, and or), which join two equal clauses, subordinating conjunctions introduce clauses that cannot stand alone as complete sentences. The subordinate clause provides additional information about the main clause, such as time, cause, condition, contrast, or place. In essence, a subordinating conjunction turns a clause into a modifier, adding detail and complexity to the sentence.
The key characteristic of a subordinating conjunction is its ability to create a dependency relationship. The subordinate clause relies on the main clause for its meaning and grammatical completeness.
Without the main clause, the subordinate clause would be a sentence fragment. This dependency is what distinguishes subordinating conjunctions from other types of conjunctions.
For example, in the sentence “Because it was raining, I took an umbrella,” the word “because” is a subordinating conjunction. It connects the subordinate clause “because it was raining” to the main clause “I took an umbrella.” The subordinate clause explains the reason for the action in the main clause. If we remove the main clause, the subordinate clause becomes “Because it was raining,” which is an incomplete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Structural Breakdown of Subordinate Clauses
Understanding the structure of subordinate clauses is crucial for using subordinating conjunctions correctly. A subordinate clause typically consists of a subordinating conjunction, a subject, and a verb.
The entire clause then functions as an adverb, adjective, or noun within the main clause. The placement of the subordinate clause can vary; it can appear before, after, or even within the main clause.
When the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, it is usually followed by a comma. This comma acts as a separator, indicating the end of the subordinate clause and the beginning of the main clause.
However, when the subordinate clause follows the main clause, a comma is generally not required, unless it adds clarity or prevents misreading.
Consider these examples:
- Before the game started, the team practiced their strategy. (Subordinate clause before the main clause, comma used)
- The team practiced their strategy before the game started. (Subordinate clause after the main clause, no comma needed)
The order of clauses can affect the emphasis of the sentence. Placing the subordinate clause first often highlights the information it contains, while placing it last gives more prominence to the main clause.
Regardless of the placement, the subordinating conjunction remains the key element that connects the two clauses and establishes the relationship between them.
Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions can be categorized based on the type of relationship they establish between the subordinate and main clauses. The most common categories include time, cause and effect, condition, contrast, place, manner, and purpose.
Each category includes a specific set of conjunctions that express the corresponding relationship.
Subordinating Conjunctions of Time
These conjunctions indicate when an action occurred or the duration of an event. Common subordinating conjunctions of time include after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, since, till, until, when, whenever, and while.
For example:
- After I finish my work, I will go to the gym.
- I will go to the gym after I finish my work.
- As soon as the bell rings, the students will leave the classroom.
- While I was studying, my brother was watching TV.
Subordinating Conjunctions of Cause and Effect
These conjunctions explain why something happened or the result of an action. Common subordinating conjunctions of cause and effect include because, as, since, in order that, and so that.
For example:
- Because it was raining, the game was cancelled.
- The game was cancelled because it was raining.
- Since you are already here, you can help me with this project.
- As it was getting late, we decided to go home.
Subordinating Conjunctions of Condition
These conjunctions express a condition that must be met for something else to happen. Common subordinating conjunctions of condition include if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case, and on condition that.
For example:
- If it rains, we will stay inside.
- We will stay inside if it rains.
- Unless you study, you will not pass the exam.
- Provided that you have a ticket, you can enter the concert.
Subordinating Conjunctions of Contrast
These conjunctions highlight differences or unexpected outcomes. Common subordinating conjunctions of contrast include although, though, even though, while, and whereas.
For example:
- Although it was cold, we went swimming.
- We went swimming although it was cold.
- Even though he was tired, he finished the race.
- While I like coffee, my sister prefers tea.
Subordinating Conjunctions of Place
These conjunctions indicate the location where something happens. Common subordinating conjunctions of place include where and wherever.
For example:
- Where there is smoke, there is fire.
- You can sit wherever you like.
- I will go where you go.
Subordinating Conjunctions of Manner
These conjunctions describe the way something is done. The most common subordinating conjunction of manner is as.
For example:
- Do as I say.
- He performed the task as he was instructed.
Subordinating Conjunctions of Purpose
These conjunctions explain the reason or intention behind an action. Common subordinating conjunctions of purpose include so that and in order that.
For example:
- I study hard so that I can get good grades.
- She exercises regularly in order that she can stay healthy.
Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences
To further illustrate the usage of subordinating conjunctions, here are several tables with examples categorized by the type of relationship they express. Each table will contain a range of examples, showcasing different ways these conjunctions can be used in sentences.
Table 1: Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions of Time
This table presents examples of sentences using subordinating conjunctions to indicate time.
| Subordinating Conjunction | Example Sentence |
|---|---|
| After | After the rain stopped, we went for a walk. |
| As | As the sun set, the sky turned orange. |
| As long as | You can borrow my car as long as you return it by tomorrow. |
| As soon as | As soon as I finish this email, I’ll call you. |
| Before | Before you leave, please turn off the lights. |
| Since | Since I moved here, I’ve been much happier. |
| Till | I’ll wait here till you come back. |
| Until | We can’t start the meeting until everyone arrives. |
| When | When I was a child, I loved to play outside. |
| Whenever | Whenever I feel stressed, I listen to music. |
| While | While I was cooking dinner, my husband was doing the dishes. |
| Once | Once you understand the rules, the game is easy. |
| Ere | Ere the sun rises, the birds begin to sing. |
| Now that | Now that the project is complete, we can relax. |
| Immediately | Immediately after the concert ended, the crowd rushed outside. |
| Directly | Directly the show starts, please turn off your phone. |
| Subsequent to | Subsequent to the meeting, a decision was made. |
| Following | Following the presentation, there will be a Q&A session. |
| Simultaneously | Simultaneously as the fireworks exploded, the crowd cheered. |
| Contemporaneously | Contemporaneously with the invention of the printing press, literacy rates began to rise. |
| During | During the summer months, the days are long. |
| Throughout | Throughout the year, we celebrate many holidays. |
| In the meantime | In the meantime, while you wait, you can read a book. |
| Meanwhile | Meanwhile, the chef prepared the meal. |
Table 2: Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions of Cause and Effect
This table presents examples of sentences using subordinating conjunctions to express cause and effect relationships.
| Subordinating Conjunction | Example Sentence |
|---|---|
| Because | Because I was tired, I went to bed early. |
| As | As it was raining, the picnic was cancelled. |
| Since | Since you’re here, can you help me with this? |
| In order that | He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. |
| So that | I exercise regularly so that I can stay healthy. |
| Seeing that | Seeing that the weather is nice, let’s go for a walk. |
| Now that | Now that you’ve finished your work, you can relax. |
| For | He was happy, for he had achieved his goal. |
| Inasmuch as | Inasmuch as he tried his best, we cannot blame him. |
| Due to the fact that | Due to the fact that the roads were icy, the school was closed. |
| On account of | On account of the storm, the flight was delayed. |
| Given that | Given that the evidence is strong, he will likely be convicted. |
| Considering that | Considering that she’s new to the job, she’s doing well. |
| As a result of | As a result of the heavy rain, the river flooded. |
| In consequence of | In consequence of his actions, he faced severe penalties. |
| Accordingly | The data was carefully analyzed; accordingly, we made our decision. |
| Hence | The prices are high; hence, sales are low. |
| Thus | The experiment was successful; thus, the hypothesis was confirmed. |
| Wherefore | He broke the law; wherefore, he must be punished. |
| That | I am glad that you are safe. |
Table 3: Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions of Condition
This table provides examples of sentences using subordinating conjunctions to express conditions.
| Subordinating Conjunction | Example Sentence |
|---|---|
| If | If it snows, we’ll go skiing. |
| Unless | Unless you hurry, you’ll miss the bus. |
| Provided that | You can borrow my book provided that you return it next week. |
| As long as | As long as you promise to be careful, you can use my tools. |
| In case | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
| On condition that | I’ll lend you the money on condition that you pay me back next month. |
| Supposing that | Supposing that you won the lottery, what would you do? |
| Assuming that | Assuming that the weather is good, we’ll have a picnic. |
| Given that | Given that you have the skills, you should apply for the job. |
| Granting that | Granting that he’s telling the truth, we should believe him. |
| Even if | Even if it’s difficult, I’ll try my best. |
| Only if | Only if you have a valid ticket can you enter. |
| Whether or not | We will go whether or not it rains. |
| Lest | He ran quickly lest he should be late. |
| So long as | So long as you follow the rules, you’ll be fine. |
| In the event that | In the event that there’s an emergency, call 911. |
| Subject to | The contract is valid subject to approval by the board. |
| With the provision that | You can use my office with the provision that you keep it clean. |
| Conditional on | The offer is conditional on a satisfactory background check. |
| Insofar as | Insofar as it depends on me, I will help. |
Table 4: Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions of Contrast
This table illustrates the use of subordinating conjunctions to express contrast.
| Subordinating Conjunction | Example Sentence |
|---|---|
| Although | Although it was raining, we still went for a walk. |
| Though | Though he was rich, he wasn’t happy. |
| Even though | Even though she was tired, she finished the race. |
| While | While I enjoy coffee, my sister prefers tea. |
| Whereas | Whereas some people prefer summer, others prefer winter. |
| While | While some students learn quickly, others need more time. |
| Even if | Even if you are angry, you should remain polite. |
| Notwithstanding that | Notwithstanding that it was expensive, he bought it. |
| Despite the fact that | Despite the fact that he was injured, he continued to play. |
| In spite of the fact that | In spite of the fact that it was difficult, she succeeded. |
| Regardless of | Regardless of the weather, the event will proceed. |
| Conversely | Some countries drive on the right; conversely, others drive on the left. |
| Instead of | Instead of complaining, try to find a solution. |
| Rather than | Rather than argue, let’s try to understand each other. |
| Unlike | Unlike her brother, she enjoys reading. |
Usage Rules for Subordinating Conjunctions
Using subordinating conjunctions correctly involves understanding a few key rules. First, the subordinating conjunction always introduces the subordinate clause.
Second, the order of the clauses can affect the punctuation. If the subordinate clause comes first, use a comma to separate it from the main clause.
If the main clause comes first, a comma is usually not necessary unless it adds clarity.
Third, be mindful of the meaning you want to convey. Choose the subordinating conjunction that accurately reflects the relationship between the clauses. For example, use “because” to express a cause, “if” to express a condition, and “although” to express a contrast.
Fourth, avoid using multiple subordinating conjunctions in the same clause. This can lead to confusion and grammatical errors.
Instead, break the sentence into smaller, more manageable parts.
Finally, ensure that the verb tenses in both the main and subordinate clauses are consistent and logical. For example, if the main clause is in the past tense, the subordinate clause should also generally be in the past tense, unless it expresses a general truth or a habitual action.
Common Mistakes with Subordinating Conjunctions
One common mistake is using a subordinating conjunction as a coordinating conjunction, or vice versa. Remember that subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses, while coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses.
Using the wrong type of conjunction can result in sentence fragments or run-on sentences.
Another frequent error is misplacing the comma. When the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, a comma is essential.
Omitting the comma can make the sentence difficult to read and understand. Conversely, adding a comma when the subordinate clause follows the main clause is usually incorrect, unless it separates a nonrestrictive clause.
A third mistake is using the wrong subordinating conjunction for the intended meaning. For example, using “because” when you mean “although” can completely change the meaning of the sentence. Always choose the conjunction that accurately reflects the relationship between the clauses.
Here are some examples of common mistakes and corrections:
| Incorrect | Correct | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Because I was tired, I went to bed. And I woke up refreshed. | Because I was tired, I went to bed, and I woke up refreshed. | The second sentence should be joined with a coordinating conjunction, not a subordinating conjunction. |
| Although it was raining I still went for a walk. | Although it was raining, I still went for a walk. | A comma is needed after the subordinate clause when it comes before the main clause. |
| If I will study, I will pass the exam. | If I study, I will pass the exam. | Avoid using “will” in the ‘if’ clause when referring to a future condition. |
| I went to the store so I bought milk. | I went to the store so that I could buy milk. | “So” needs “that” to properly introduce a purpose clause. |
Practice Exercises
To solidify your understanding of subordinating conjunctions, complete the following exercises. Each exercise focuses on a different aspect of subordinating conjunction usage.
Answers are provided at the end of each exercise.
Exercise 1: Identifying Subordinating Conjunctions
Identify the subordinating conjunction in each of the following sentences.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. I will call you when I get home. | when |
| 2. Because it was cold, I wore a jacket. | Because |
| 3. If it rains, we will stay inside. | If |
| 4. Although he was tired, he finished the race. | Although |
| 5. You can sit wherever you like. | wherever |
| 6. As soon as the bell rings, the students will leave the classroom. | As soon as |
| 7. Since you are already here, you can help me with this project. | Since |
| 8. Unless you study, you will not pass the exam. | Unless |
| 9. While I like coffee, my sister prefers tea. | While |
| 10. I study hard so that I can get good grades. | so that |
Exercise 2: Completing Sentences with Subordinating Conjunctions
Complete each sentence with an appropriate subordinating conjunction from the list: after, because, if, although, where.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. ______ I finish my work, I will go to the gym. | After |
| 2. The game was cancelled ______ it was raining. | Because |
| 3. ______ it rains, we will stay inside. | If |
| 4. ______ it was cold, we went swimming. | Although |
| 5. You can sit ______ you like. | Where |
| 6. ______ she practiced every day, she became a skilled pianist. | Because |
| 7. ______ you are ready, we can leave. | If |
| 8. ______ it was late, they continued the discussion. | Although |
| 9. I will meet you ______ the concert is being held. | Where |
| 10. ______ the show ends, we will go out for dinner. | After |
Exercise 3: Correcting Sentences with Subordinating Conjunctions
Correct the following sentences, which may have errors in the use of subordinating conjunctions or punctuation.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Because I was tired I went to bed. | Because I was tired, I went to bed. |
| 2. Although it was raining, but we still went for a walk. | Although it was raining, we still went for a walk. (or: It was raining, but we still went for a walk.) |
| 3. If I will study, I will pass the exam. | If I study, I will pass the exam. |
| 4. I went to the store so I bought milk. | I went to the store so that I could buy milk. |
| 5. Since I have finished my homework, I can play video games. | Since I have finished my homework I can play video games. |
| 6. Because the weather was nice so we went to the park. | Because the weather was nice, we went to the park. |
| 7. Unless you don’t study, you will fail. | Unless you study, you will fail. |
| 8. Even though he was late, however, he apologized. | Even though he was late, he apologized. |
| 9. When I will arrive, I will call you. | When I arrive, I will call you. |
| 10. Although, she was tired, she kept working. | Although she was tired, she kept working. |
Advanced Topics: Ellipsis and Inversion
For advanced learners, understanding ellipsis and inversion involving subordinating conjunctions can further refine your writing skills. Ellipsis is the omission of words that are understood from the context. In subordinate clauses, ellipsis often occurs when the subject and auxiliary verb are the same in both the main and subordinate clauses.
For example:
- While (I was) walking to the store, I saw a friend.
- Once (you are) finished, please submit your work.
Inversion involves changing the typical subject-verb order. In subordinate clauses, inversion can occur after certain negative adverbs or adverbial phrases, such as “no sooner,” “hardly,” “scarcely,” and “only when.” This is more common in formal writing.
For example:
- No sooner had I arrived than the phone rang. (Inverted: Had I no sooner arrived than the phone rang.)
- Scarcely had I started the project when I encountered a problem. (Inverted: Had I scarcely started the project when I encountered a problem.)
These advanced techniques can add sophistication and emphasis to your writing, but should be used sparingly to avoid sounding unnatural or overly formal.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Here are some frequently asked questions about subordinating conjunctions:
- What is the difference between a subordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction?
A subordinating conjunction connects a dependent clause to an independent clause, while a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses. Subordinating conjunctions create a hierarchical relationship, while coordinating conjunctions join equal elements.
- Do I always need a comma when using a subordinating conjunction?
A comma is generally needed when the subordinate clause comes before the main clause. When the subordinate clause follows the main clause, a comma is usually not necessary, unless it adds clarity or separates a nonrestrictive clause.
- Can I start a sentence with a subordinating conjunction?
Yes, you can start a sentence with a subordinating conjunction. This places emphasis on the subordinate clause and its relationship to the main clause.
- What are some common subordinating conjunctions?
Some common subordinating conjunctions include because, if, although, when, while, since, as, before, after, until, and unless.
- How do I choose the right subordinating conjunction?
Choose the conjunction that accurately reflects the relationship between the clauses. Consider whether you want to express time, cause, condition, contrast, place, manner, or purpose.
- Can I use more than one subordinating conjunction in a sentence?
Yes, you can use more than one subordinating conjunction in a sentence, but avoid using multiple subordinating conjunctions in the same clause. This can lead to confusion. Instead, use separate subordinate clauses.
- What is a complex sentence?
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Subordinating conjunctions are essential for creating complex sentences.
- How do I avoid run-on sentences when using subordinating conjunctions?
Ensure that each independent clause has its own subject and verb and is properly connected to the subordinate clause with a subordinating conjunction. Avoid joining independent clauses with only a subordinating conjunction.
Conclusion
Mastering subordinating conjunctions is a crucial step towards improving your English grammar and writing skills. By understanding their definition, types, usage rules, and common mistakes, you can effectively connect ideas, create complex sentences, and express a wider range of thoughts and emotions.
Remember to choose the right conjunction for the intended meaning, pay attention to punctuation, and practice using these conjunctions in your own writing.
With consistent practice and attention to detail, you can confidently use subordinating conjunctions to enhance your communication skills and elevate your writing to a higher level. Keep practicing, and don’t be afraid to experiment with different sentence structures and conjunctions to find what works best for you.
The key is to understand the underlying principles and apply them consistently in your writing.
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